fix the finger 2D canvas orientation and the 3D arrow size

The unrolled canvas put the finger's +x where the 3D default view puts screen-left,
and the 3D flow arrows rasterised as 0.23 px hairlines because their stroke was 2 %
of their own sub-millimetre length. The 2D presentation is now the derived half turn
(persisted, set from the plot-settings dialog) and the 3D stroke is one canvas pixel
— the width the 2D canvas draws — verified numerically and with real-GL snapshots.

apps/studio/config/locales/en_US.json

@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@
     "plot_deadband_raw": "Zero threshold (raw)",
     "plot_deadband_raw_tip": "Display deadband floor in raw mode (raw counts). 0 = auto (the built-in 50-count floor). Raise it by hand when the calibration data is suspect; display only",
     "reset_defaults": "Reset to defaults",
+    "plot_orientation_group": "Finger 2D presentation (2D only; the 3D view keeps the design frame)",
+    "plot_orientation": "Orientation",
+    "plot_orientation_tip": "How the finger's 2D canvas (the unrolled domain) is presented. The 180° default is derived from the unroll map and the design frame: the canvas's +x is the frame's +X and its screen up is −Z, while the 3D default view puts −X right and +Z up, so both axes are reversed and a half turn is what makes the arrows agree left-to-right. Display only — the record and the stored arrays are untouched",
+    "plot_orientation_note": "Affects the 2D finger canvas only: the stored flow, valid mask and recorded data keep the domain's own orientation. The 3D view is not affected (its frame is the design export's)",
+    "orientation_identity": "As drawn (no rotation)",
+    "orientation_rotate180": "Rotate 180° (default)",
+    "orientation_mirror_h": "Mirror horizontally",
+    "orientation_mirror_v": "Mirror vertically",
     "plot_filters": "Filters (applied while acquiring; screen and record agree)",
     "filter_preset": "Preset",
     "filter_preset_tip": "A ready-made combination; editing any value below switches to Custom",

apps/studio/config/locales/zh_CN.json

@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@
     "plot_deadband_raw": "归零阈值（原始）",
     "plot_deadband_raw_tip": "原始模式下的显示死区下限（原始计数）。0 = 自动（默认下限 50 计数）。标定数据可疑时可手动放大，只影响显示",
     "reset_defaults": "恢复默认",
+    "plot_orientation_group": "手指 2D 显示方向（只影响 2D 画面；3D 视图仍用设计坐标系）",
+    "plot_orientation": "方向",
+    "plot_orientation_tip": "手指 2D 画布（展开域）的显示方向。默认 180° 是按展开图与设计坐标系推导出来的：画布的 +x 是设计系的 +X、屏幕向上是 −Z，与 3D 默认视图的 −X / +Z 正好都相反，所以要把画面转半圈，箭头左右才与 3D 一致。只影响显示，不改变记录与存储的数组",
+    "plot_orientation_note": "只影响 2D 手指画布的显示：存储的光流、有效掩膜与录制数据始终保持域本身的朝向。3D 视图不受影响（它的坐标系是设计导出坐标系）",
+    "orientation_identity": "原始（不旋转）",
+    "orientation_rotate180": "旋转 180°（默认）",
+    "orientation_mirror_h": "水平镜像",
+    "orientation_mirror_v": "垂直镜像",
     "plot_filters": "滤波（作用于采集，界面与记录同步）",
     "filter_preset": "预设",
     "filter_preset_tip": "选择一档现成的滤波组合；改下面任一数值会变成“自定义”",

apps/studio/config/preferences.default.json

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
   "plot_deadband_raw": 0.0,
   "image_view_mode": "arrows_pure",
   "arrow_rotation_deg": 90,
+  "finger_2d_orientation": "rotate180",
   "settings_expanded": false,
   "view_preset": "custom",
   "splitter_sizes": [340, 480, 400]

apps/studio/src/orisys_studio/app_window.py

@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ from typing import Any
 
 import numpy as np
 from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.constants import FORCE_SAMPLE_RATE_HZ
+from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.display_orientation import (
+    DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION,
+    effective_orientation,
+    normalise_orientation,
+)
 from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.image_backend import (
     DEPTH,
     SOURCE_LIVE,
@@ -841,6 +846,12 @@ class StudioMainWindow(QMainWindow):
         self.toolbar.set_units(str(self.prefs.get("units") or "newton"))
         self.arrow_panel.set_view_mode(str(self.prefs.get("image_view_mode") or "arrows_pure"))
         self.arrow_panel.set_rotation_deg(self.prefs.get("arrow_rotation_deg", 90))
+        # The finger's 2D presentation: a *display* convention for the unrolled canvas
+        # (see ``acquisition.display_orientation``), stored as a preference and applied
+        # where the picture is drawn, never to the frame's own arrays.
+        self._finger_orientation = normalise_orientation(
+            self.prefs.get("finger_2d_orientation", DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION)
+        )
         self.toolbar.set_settings_expanded(bool(self.prefs.get("settings_expanded", False)))
         self._sync_settings_action()
         self._apply_plot_prefs_to_panel()
@@ -1521,6 +1532,30 @@ class StudioMainWindow(QMainWindow):
     def _draw_style(self) -> str:
         return self.display_ctl.draw_style()
 
+    def finger_orientation(self) -> str:
+        """How the finger's 2D canvas is presented (a display convention only)."""
+        return normalise_orientation(
+            getattr(self, "_finger_orientation", DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION)
+        )
+
+    def set_finger_orientation(self, orientation: str) -> str:
+        """Adopt a 2D presentation for the finger and redraw the frame on screen.
+
+        Takes effect at once — the next render of the frame the panel is already
+        showing uses it, and a running session repaints immediately — and is stored in
+        the preferences, so it also survives a restart. The 3D pane is untouched by
+        design: its frame is the design export's, and the 2D orientation exists to make
+        the *canvas* agree with it.
+        """
+        wanted = normalise_orientation(orientation)
+        if wanted == self.finger_orientation():
+            return wanted
+        self._finger_orientation = wanted
+        self.prefs["finger_2d_orientation"] = wanted
+        self._persist_prefs()
+        self._repaint_live_frame()
+        return wanted
+
     def _arrow_policy(self):
         """The one flow-arrow policy the 2D canvas and the 3D surface both sample with.
 
@@ -1580,12 +1615,17 @@ class StudioMainWindow(QMainWindow):
             # dialog is the place that has to say "next session, not this one".
             filters_locked=bool(self._running or self.recorder.is_recording),
             sample_rate_hz=self.display_ctl.device_sample_rate(),
+            finger_orientation=self._finger_orientation,
         )
         if dialog.exec() != PlotSettingsDialog.Accepted:
             return
         # One call for the whole picture: the dialog owns the schema, the controller
         # writes what it was given and re-reads the rest.
         self.display_ctl.apply_plot_settings(dialog.settings())
+        # The 2D presentation is applied here rather than in the controller: it changes
+        # the picture the *window* draws (``_show_image_frame``), and it must take
+        # effect without a restart.
+        self.set_finger_orientation(dialog.orientation())
         filters = dialog.filter_values()
         # The same keys ``_filter_settings()`` reads back, so what the dialog
         # shows next time is what the session will actually be given.
@@ -2585,6 +2625,12 @@ class StudioMainWindow(QMainWindow):
             canvas_bgr=hex_to_bgr(color(self._theme, "arrow_canvas", "#0B1830")),
             domain_mask=boundary,
             arrow_policy=self._arrow_policy(),
+            # The 2D presentation of the finger's unrolled canvas. Display only: the
+            # frame's own flow/mask/image are handed over untouched, and the 3D pane is
+            # not involved at all (its frame is the design export's).
+            orientation=effective_orientation(
+                self._finger_orientation, draw_style=draw_style
+            ),
         )
         if rendered is None:
             # Never substitute another picture here: a missing depth map that showed
@@ -2619,6 +2665,7 @@ class StudioMainWindow(QMainWindow):
         self.prefs["units"] = self.toolbar.units()
         self.prefs["image_view_mode"] = self.arrow_panel.view_mode()
         self.prefs["arrow_rotation_deg"] = self.arrow_panel.rotation_deg()
+        self.prefs["finger_2d_orientation"] = self.finger_orientation()
         self.prefs.setdefault("plot_window_sec", DEFAULT_PLOT_WINDOW_SEC)
         self.prefs.setdefault("plot_fn_max", DEFAULT_PLOT_FN_MAX)
         self.prefs.setdefault("plot_shear_max", DEFAULT_PLOT_SHEAR_MAX)

apps/studio/src/orisys_studio/ui/plot_settings_dialog.py

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ reports as done is what the record will say (see ``force/filters.py``).
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.constants import FORCE_SAMPLE_RATE_HZ
+from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.display_orientation import (
+    DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION,
+    ORIENTATIONS,
+    normalise_orientation,
+)
 from orisys_app_shared.force.filters import (
     FilterSettings,
     available_presets,
@@ -69,9 +74,12 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         filters: FilterSettings | None = None,
         filters_locked: bool = False,
         sample_rate_hz: float = FORCE_SAMPLE_RATE_HZ,
+        finger_orientation: str = DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(parent)
         self.setModal(True)
+        # The layout's own minimum (618 px with the 2D presentation group) keeps the
+        # buttons on screen; this is the height it opens at.
         self.resize(460, 640)
         self._sample_rate_hz = float(sample_rate_hz)
         #: True while the widgets are being filled in from a preset, so the
@@ -153,6 +161,22 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         self.deadband_raw_spin.setDecimals(0)
         self.deadband_raw_spin.setValue(float(deadband_raw))
 
+        # How the finger's 2D canvas is turned for display. A *presentation* choice, so
+        # it lives with the other display ones (this dialog), not with the acquisition
+        # filters below it, and it is applied at display time only — see
+        # ``acquisition.display_orientation`` for why the shipped default is a half turn.
+        self.orientation_label = QLabel()
+        self.orientation_combo = QComboBox()
+        for name in ORIENTATIONS:
+            self.orientation_combo.addItem(t(f"dialog.orientation_{name}"), name)
+        index = self.orientation_combo.findData(
+            normalise_orientation(finger_orientation)
+        )
+        self.orientation_combo.setCurrentIndex(max(index, 0))
+        self.orientation_note = QLabel()
+        self.orientation_note.setObjectName("hintText")
+        self.orientation_note.setWordWrap(True)
+
         form.addRow(self.window_label, self.window_spin)
         form.addRow(self.fn_min_label, self.fn_min_spin)
         form.addRow(self.fn_max_label, self.fn_max_spin)
@@ -164,6 +188,12 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         form.addRow(self.deadband_raw_label, self.deadband_raw_spin)
         root.addLayout(form)
 
+        self.orientation_group = QGroupBox()
+        orientation_form = QFormLayout(self.orientation_group)
+        orientation_form.addRow(self.orientation_label, self.orientation_combo)
+        orientation_form.addRow(self.orientation_note)
+        root.addWidget(self.orientation_group)
+
         newton = str(units or "newton").lower().startswith("n")
         raw_widgets = (
             self.fn_raw_min_spin,
@@ -418,6 +448,10 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         """Everything the plot half of the dialog decides, in one mapping."""
         return {**self.ranges(), **self.deadbands()}
 
+    def orientation(self) -> str:
+        """The 2D presentation the dialog is showing (see ``display_orientation``)."""
+        return normalise_orientation(self.orientation_combo.currentData())
+
     def _reset_defaults(self) -> None:
         self.window_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_WINDOW_SEC)
         self.fn_min_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_FN_MIN)
@@ -426,6 +460,10 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         self.fn_raw_min_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_FN_RAW_MIN)
         self.fn_raw_max_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_FN_RAW_MAX)
         self.shear_raw_max_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_SHEAR_RAW_MAX)
+        # "Reset" means the shipped picture as well: the finger's derived default.
+        self.orientation_combo.setCurrentIndex(
+            max(self.orientation_combo.findData(DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION), 0)
+        )
         # "Auto" is the shipped answer for the deadband: the estimate from the
         # quiet startup window, with the layer's own floor under it.
         self.deadband_n_spin.setValue(DEFAULT_PLOT_DEADBAND_N)
@@ -461,6 +499,13 @@ class PlotSettingsDialog(QDialog):
         self.deadband_raw_label.setText(t("dialog.plot_deadband_raw"))
         self.deadband_raw_spin.setToolTip(t("dialog.plot_deadband_raw_tip"))
         self.btn_reset.setText(t("dialog.reset_defaults"))
+        self.orientation_group.setTitle(t("dialog.plot_orientation_group"))
+        self.orientation_label.setText(t("dialog.plot_orientation"))
+        self.orientation_combo.setToolTip(t("dialog.plot_orientation_tip"))
+        self.orientation_note.setText(t("dialog.plot_orientation_note"))
+        for index in range(self.orientation_combo.count()):
+            name = str(self.orientation_combo.itemData(index) or "")
+            self.orientation_combo.setItemText(index, t(f"dialog.orientation_{name}"))
         self.filters_group.setTitle(t("dialog.plot_filters"))
         self.filter_preset_label.setText(t("dialog.filter_preset"))
         self.preset_combo.setToolTip(t("dialog.filter_preset_tip"))

apps/studio/tests/test_arrow_display_size.py

@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+"""The 3D flow arrows are drawn at the 2D canvas's own size.
+
+What "too small" turned out to be is measured here rather than assumed. On the
+shipped finger asset, at the pane's real viewport (607x672, the shipped default
+layout) and its default framed camera, the 3D arrow's *length* is already the 2D
+arrow's length carried onto the surface: the median arrow projects to about 9.5
+screen pixels against about 5.5 canvas pixels in the canvas, and 23.7 against 8 at
+the policy's cap — because both views draw the same pixel delta through the same
+surface metric, and the pane magnifies the finger by about the same factor the 2D
+panel does. The stroke was the defect: ``2 %`` of the arrow's own mean length is
+0.114 canvas pixels (0.23 px on screen) where the 2D canvas draws
+``cv2.arrowedLine(thickness=1)``, so the 3D glyph rasterised as a dashed hairline
+with no head.
+
+The assertions below therefore pin both halves of the reference:
+
+* length — the world length is the domain grid's own pixel metric times the flow's
+  pixel delta, and what that projects to on screen is the same picture the canvas
+  draws (``projected == pixels x metres-per-pixel x screen-pixels-per-metre``);
+* stroke — one canvas pixel wide, i.e. the 2D canvas's own ``thickness=1``.
+
+The choice behind that is **world-constant** (a fixed fraction of the sensing
+surface), not screen-constant, and the zoom test states why: the 2D canvas has no
+zoom, so its arrow is a fixed fraction of the finger at every size the operator
+gives the panel, and an arrow that held a fixed number of *screen* pixels would
+stop matching that picture the moment the 3D pane was zoomed. The relation that is
+kept across zoom is therefore the canvas-pixel one, and the raw screen length is
+allowed to change with the magnification.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.overlays import (
+    FLOW_ARROW_SHAFT_PX,
+    FLOW_ARROW_SHAFT_SPAN_FRACTION,
+    arrow_instances_to_mesh,
+    build_flow_overlay,
+    build_normal_overlay,
+    flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m,
+    mesh_span_from_mapping,
+    metres_per_domain_pixel,
+)
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.package import read_package, scene_from_contents
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.visual_policy import (
+    policy_for_settings,
+    select_flow_samples,
+)
+from orisys_studio.scene3d.camera import OrbitCamera
+from orisys_studio.scene3d.prefs import settings_from_prefs
+
+REPO = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+PACKAGE = REPO / "apps/studio/config/sensors/finger/scene/finger-display-1.0.0.oryscene"
+
+#: The 3D pane's viewport at the shipped default layout (``DEFAULT_SPLITTER_SIZES``
+#: with the window's default size), measured from the running window.
+VIEWPORT = (607, 672)
+#: How far the surface's own metric may differ from its median across the island
+#: (measured p5..p95 is 0.81..1.12 of it) plus the rounding of a flow tip to whole
+#: pixels, and the difference between a straight chord and the local tangent.
+METRIC_TOLERANCE = 0.30
+#: The projection itself, given the world length: float32 matrices, a perspective
+#: divide and the chord-versus-tangent difference. Measured within 7 % at the median.
+PROJECTION_TOLERANCE = 0.12
+#: Arrows shorter than this are dominated by the tip's rounding to whole pixels (a
+#: 0.4-px flow delta becomes 0 or 1 px), so the projection equality is asserted on
+#: the arrows an operator can actually read.
+MIN_COMPARABLE_PX = 2.0
+
+
+def _scene():
+    if not PACKAGE.is_file():
+        pytest.skip(f"the shipped finger package is missing: {PACKAGE}")
+    return scene_from_contents(read_package(PACKAGE), None)
+
+
+def _camera(assets, viewport=VIEWPORT) -> OrbitCamera:
+    presets = {preset.name: preset for preset in assets.camera_presets}
+    camera = OrbitCamera()
+    camera.set_preset(presets["default"])
+    camera.fit(assets.bounds_sensor_m, viewport[0] / viewport[1])
+    return camera
+
+
+def _flow(height: int, width: int) -> np.ndarray:
+    """The flow ``tools/ui_snapshot.py --scene flow3d`` drives: a pressed fingertip.
+
+    Its magnitudes reach the policy's cap at the centre and fall away to the rim, so
+    the comparison covers both a saturated arrow and a weak one.
+    """
+    grid_y, grid_x = np.mgrid[0:height, 0:width].astype(np.float32)
+    centre_y, centre_x = height * 0.52, width / 2.0
+    dy, dx = grid_y - centre_y, grid_x - centre_x
+    radius = np.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy) + 1e-3
+    profile = np.exp(-((radius / (width * 0.30)) ** 2)).astype(np.float32)
+    return np.stack([dx / radius * profile * 7.0, dy / radius * profile * 7.0], axis=-1)
+
+
+def _arrows(assets):
+    """``(mapping, policy, samples, instances, endpoints)`` for the shipped asset."""
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    assert mapping is not None
+    policy = policy_for_settings(settings_from_prefs({}))
+    flow = _flow(*mapping.shape_hw)
+    samples = select_flow_samples(flow, np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool), policy)
+    assert samples.rows.size > 100, "the fixture no longer produces a full field"
+    arrows, _ = build_flow_overlay(samples, mapping, style=policy)
+    height, width = mapping.shape_hw
+    end_x = np.clip(np.round(samples.cols + samples.dx).astype(np.int32), 0, width - 1)
+    end_y = np.clip(np.round(samples.rows + samples.dy).astype(np.int32), 0, height - 1)
+    return mapping, policy, samples, arrows, (end_y, end_x)
+
+
+def _screen_scales(camera, directions, origins, viewport=VIEWPORT) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Screen pixels per metre, along each arrow's own direction.
+
+    The camera's own matrices, so this is the real projection and not a formula the
+    test believes: ``focal_px / depth`` is the frontal scale, and the direction's
+    camera-space length is the surface's foreshortening for that arrow.
+    """
+    view = np.asarray(camera.matrices(viewport).view, dtype=np.float64).reshape(4, 4)
+    focal_px = 0.5 * float(viewport[1]) / np.tan(0.5 * camera.vertical_fov_rad)
+    homogeneous = np.concatenate(
+        [np.asarray(origins, dtype=np.float64), np.ones((len(origins), 1))], axis=1
+    )
+    depth = np.abs((view @ homogeneous.T)[2])
+    steps = np.zeros((len(directions), 4), dtype=np.float64)
+    steps[:, :3] = np.asarray(directions, dtype=np.float64)
+    camera_step = (view @ steps.T).T[:, :3]
+    return np.linalg.norm(camera_step[:, :2], axis=1) * focal_px / np.maximum(depth, 1e-9)
+
+
+def _projected_pixels(camera, origins, ends, viewport=VIEWPORT) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Pixel distance between each arrow's origin and tip, through the real camera."""
+    matrices = camera.matrices(viewport)
+    view = np.asarray(matrices.view, dtype=np.float64).reshape(4, 4)
+    projection = np.asarray(matrices.projection, dtype=np.float64).reshape(4, 4)
+    points = np.vstack([np.asarray(origins, dtype=np.float64), np.asarray(ends, dtype=np.float64)])
+    homogeneous = np.concatenate([points, np.ones((len(points), 1))], axis=1)
+    clip = (projection @ (view @ homogeneous.T)).T
+    ndc = clip[:, :3] / clip[:, 3:4]
+    pixels = (ndc[:, :2] + 1.0) * 0.5 * np.array(viewport, dtype=np.float64)
+    return np.linalg.norm(pixels[len(origins) :] - pixels[: len(origins)], axis=1)
+
+
+def _pixel_delta(samples, endpoints) -> np.ndarray:
+    end_y, end_x = endpoints
+    return np.hypot(end_x - samples.cols, end_y - samples.rows)
+
+
+def test_one_canvas_pixel_is_one_pixel_of_the_domain_grid() -> None:
+    """The unit both views are sized in, against an independent estimate of it."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    metric = metres_per_domain_pixel(mapping)
+    positions = np.asarray(mapping.positions_sensor_m, dtype=np.float64)
+    valid = np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool)
+    points = positions[valid]
+    # Independent: the island's own extent in metres over its extent in pixels. The
+    # local metric varies with the surface, so this is the same statement only to
+    # within the island's own shape factor — which is what the band allows.
+    extent_m = float(np.ptp(points, axis=0).max())
+    rows, cols = np.nonzero(valid)
+    extent_px = float(max(np.ptp(rows), np.ptp(cols)))
+    cruder = extent_m / extent_px
+    assert 0.6 * cruder < metric < 1.6 * cruder, (metric, cruder)
+    # A millimetre of finger is about eleven of these pixels on the shipped asset.
+    assert metric == pytest.approx(9.27e-5, rel=0.1)
+
+
+def test_the_3d_length_is_the_2d_length_carried_onto_the_surface() -> None:
+    """The world length is the flow's pixel delta at the domain's own metric."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping, policy, samples, arrows, endpoints = _arrows(assets)
+    metric = metres_per_domain_pixel(mapping)
+    delta = _pixel_delta(samples, endpoints)
+    lengths = np.asarray(arrows.lengths, dtype=np.float64)
+    usable = delta > 0
+    ratio = lengths[usable] / (metric * delta[usable])
+    assert np.median(ratio) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.10), np.median(ratio)
+    assert np.percentile(ratio, 5) > 1.0 - METRIC_TOLERANCE
+    assert np.percentile(ratio, 95) < 1.0 + METRIC_TOLERANCE
+    # The 2D canvas draws that same delta, from the shared policy: the flow's pixel
+    # displacement times ``flow_length_margin``, and anything past the sample grid's
+    # own spacing is drawn at ``spacing x margin`` (8 px for the finger's 10 px grid).
+    drawn = np.hypot(samples.dx, samples.dy)
+    cap = policy.flow_grid_spacing * policy.flow_length_margin
+    assert drawn.max() == pytest.approx(cap, abs=1e-6)
+    assert np.allclose(
+        drawn,
+        np.where(
+            samples.magnitude > cap,
+            cap,
+            policy.flow_length_margin * samples.magnitude,
+        ),
+    )
+    assert usable.all(), "the fixture must not produce zero-length arrows"
+
+
+def test_the_projected_length_equals_the_2d_arrow_at_a_stated_camera_distance() -> None:
+    """The claim, numerically: same length on screen, at a stated camera and viewport.
+
+    The 3D arrow's projected length is compared with the 2D arrow's own length
+    converted through the pane's magnification for that arrow — the metre of surface
+    one canvas pixel buys (measured from the mapping) times the screen pixels that
+    metre projects to (measured from the camera). That is what "the same on-screen
+    size" means once a perspective pane and a canvas bitmap are compared.
+    """
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping, policy, samples, arrows, endpoints = _arrows(assets)
+    metric = metres_per_domain_pixel(mapping)
+    camera = _camera(assets)
+    assert camera.distance_m == pytest.approx(0.03293, rel=0.01), camera.distance_m
+
+    positions = np.asarray(mapping.positions_sensor_m, dtype=np.float64)
+    origins = positions[samples.rows, samples.cols]
+    ends = positions[endpoints[0], endpoints[1]]
+    projected = _projected_pixels(camera, origins, ends)
+    scale = _screen_scales(camera, arrows.directions, origins)
+    delta = _pixel_delta(samples, endpoints)
+
+    comparable = delta >= MIN_COMPARABLE_PX
+    assert comparable.sum() > 200, int(comparable.sum())
+    ratio = projected[comparable] / (delta[comparable] * metric * scale[comparable])
+    assert np.median(ratio) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=PROJECTION_TOLERANCE), np.median(ratio)
+    assert np.percentile(ratio, 10) > 1.0 - METRIC_TOLERANCE
+    assert np.percentile(ratio, 90) < 1.0 + METRIC_TOLERANCE
+
+    # Stated in the two views' own pixels, so the magnitudes are on the record: at the
+    # policy's cap the canvas draws 8 px and the pane draws about the same *relative*
+    # size on a finger that it magnifies by the same factor.
+    at_cap = np.isclose(delta, policy.flow_grid_spacing * policy.flow_length_margin)
+    assert at_cap.any()
+    canvas_cap = float(np.median(np.hypot(samples.dx, samples.dy)[at_cap]))
+    assert canvas_cap == pytest.approx(8.0, abs=1e-6)
+    assert np.median(projected[at_cap]) > 5.0, "the 3D arrows are already longer, not shorter"
+
+
+def test_the_arrows_are_the_same_size_after_a_zoom_step() -> None:
+    """The chosen rule: world-constant, so the canvas-pixel relation survives zoom.
+
+    The raw screen length is *not* held — it grows with the magnification, exactly as
+    the finger does — and that is the deliberate choice: the 2D canvas cannot zoom, so
+    its arrow is a fixed fraction of the finger, and this is the same fraction.
+    """
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping, policy, samples, arrows, endpoints = _arrows(assets)
+    metric = metres_per_domain_pixel(mapping)
+    positions = np.asarray(mapping.positions_sensor_m, dtype=np.float64)
+    origins = positions[samples.rows, samples.cols]
+    ends = positions[endpoints[0], endpoints[1]]
+    delta = _pixel_delta(samples, endpoints)
+    comparable = delta >= MIN_COMPARABLE_PX
+
+    camera = _camera(assets)
+    before_px = _projected_pixels(camera, origins, ends)
+    before_scale = _screen_scales(camera, arrows.directions, origins)
+    camera.zoom(5.0)
+    after_px = _projected_pixels(camera, origins, ends)
+    after_scale = _screen_scales(camera, arrows.directions, origins)
+
+    assert camera.distance_m < 0.02, camera.distance_m
+    # The magnification changed, so the screen length did...
+    assert np.median(after_px) > 1.2 * np.median(before_px)
+    assert np.median(after_scale) > 1.5 * np.median(before_scale)
+    # ...while the length in the *canvas's* own pixels is the same statement.
+    for px, scale in ((before_px, before_scale), (after_px, after_scale)):
+        ratio = px[comparable] / (delta[comparable] * metric * scale[comparable])
+        assert np.median(ratio) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=PROJECTION_TOLERANCE), np.median(ratio)
+
+
+def test_the_stroke_is_one_pixel_wide_and_reaches_the_mesh() -> None:
+    """The defect and its fix: 0.114 canvas pixels before, 1.0 after.
+
+    Measured on the merged triangle mesh, not on the instance field: the radius has to
+    arrive in the geometry the GL layer uploads.
+    """
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping, policy, samples, arrows, _endpoints = _arrows(assets)
+    metric = metres_per_domain_pixel(mapping)
+    radius = float(arrows.shaft_radius_m)
+    assert radius > 0.0, "the flow overlay states no stroke width"
+    assert FLOW_ARROW_SHAFT_PX == 1.0
+    # One canvas pixel wide, i.e. the 2D canvas's own ``thickness=1``.
+    assert 2.0 * radius / metric == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.05)
+    assert flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping) == pytest.approx(radius, rel=1e-9)
+
+    # The old rule, kept here as the measurement it was: 2 % of the arrows' mean length.
+    mean_length = float(np.asarray(arrows.lengths, dtype=np.float64).mean())
+    before = max(mean_length * 0.02, 1e-5)
+    assert 2.0 * before / metric < 0.25, 2.0 * before / metric
+    assert 2.0 * radius / metric > 3.0 * (2.0 * before / metric), (
+        "the fix is not a visible change in stroke width"
+    )
+
+    positions, triangles, _colors = arrow_instances_to_mesh(arrows)
+    measured = _ring_radius(arrows, positions)
+    assert measured == pytest.approx(radius, rel=0.05), (measured, radius)
+    assert triangles.shape[1] == 3 and len(positions) > 0
+
+
+def _ring_radius(arrows, positions: np.ndarray) -> float:
+    """The shaft radius the mesh was actually built with, from its first arrow."""
+    origin = np.asarray(arrows.origins[0], dtype=np.float64)
+    direction = np.asarray(arrows.directions[0], dtype=np.float64)
+    offsets = np.asarray(positions, dtype=np.float64) - origin
+    along = offsets @ direction
+    # The cylinder's base ring is the only geometry in the plane through the origin;
+    # its eight vertices are the ones with the smallest |along|.
+    ring = np.argsort(np.abs(along))[:8]
+    radial = offsets[ring] - np.outer(along[ring], direction)
+    return float(np.median(np.linalg.norm(radial, axis=1)))
+
+
+def test_the_stroke_has_a_floor_and_a_ceiling() -> None:
+    """Neither an invisible hair nor a blot: the band is a fraction of the model."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    span = mesh_span_from_mapping(mapping)
+    low, high = FLOW_ARROW_SHAFT_SPAN_FRACTION
+    assert flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping, stroke_px=1e9) == pytest.approx(span * high)
+    assert flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping, stroke_px=0.0) == pytest.approx(span * low)
+    # The floor is only reached below a twentieth of a pixel of stroke; the ceiling is
+    # a width no arrow should ever reach.
+    assert flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping, stroke_px=0.05) == pytest.approx(span * low)
+    assert flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping, stroke_px=50.0) == pytest.approx(span * high)
+    # The shipped stroke is inside the band, so it is the measured one that is drawn.
+    camera_radius = flow_arrow_shaft_radius_m(mapping)
+    assert span * low < camera_radius < span * high
+
+
+def test_the_contact_arrow_keeps_its_proportional_stroke() -> None:
+    """The contact arrow is a fraction of the mesh it sits on: its rule is untouched."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    valid = np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool)
+    rows, cols = np.nonzero(valid)
+    index = len(rows) // 2
+    arrows, _ = build_normal_overlay(
+        contact_uv_xy=(float(cols[index]), float(rows[index])),
+        contact_found=True,
+        contact_valid=True,
+        fn=5000.0,
+        mapping=mapping,
+    )
+    assert arrows.origins.shape[0] == 1
+    assert float(arrows.shaft_radius_m) == 0.0, (
+        "the contact arrow must keep the proportional template"
+    )
+    merged, _triangles, _colors = arrow_instances_to_mesh(arrows)
+    measured = _ring_radius(arrows, merged)
+    mean_length = float(np.asarray(arrows.lengths, dtype=np.float64).mean())
+    thickness = float(np.asarray(arrows.thickness_scales, dtype=np.float64).mean())
+    assert measured == pytest.approx(0.02 * mean_length * max(thickness, 0.05), rel=0.1)

apps/studio/tests/test_finger_2d_orientation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+"""The 2D finger canvas is presented the way the 3D view draws the same part.
+
+The two views are drawn in different spaces: the canvas in the finger's unrolled UV
+pixel grid, the 3D pane in the design export's frame (``test_scene3d_frame_views.py``).
+The relation between them is measured here rather than assumed, and the presentation
+that makes them agree is asserted axis by axis:
+
+* the canvas's **+x** is the design frame's **+X**, and the 3D default view puts
+  screen-right at **-X**;
+* the canvas's screen **up** (``-y``, rows grow downwards) is close to the frame's
+  **-Z**, and the 3D default view puts screen-up at **+Z**.
+
+Both axes are therefore reversed: the transform is a half turn, not a mirror. The
+mirror is the guess that looks right from the left-right sense alone, so it is
+asserted to be wrong here.
+
+The last block drives the *real* 2D rendering path and the *real* 3D overlay builder
+from one flow field and compares the direction each one draws, so "the arrows agree"
+is a measurement of the two pictures rather than of the constants in this file.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.display_orientation import (
+    DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION,
+    ORIENTATION_IDENTITY,
+    ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H,
+    ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V,
+    ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180,
+    agreement,
+    apply_orientation,
+    canvas_axes_in_design_frame,
+    effective_orientation,
+    normalise_orientation,
+)
+from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.image_backend import (
+    ARROW_PURE,
+    DEPTH,
+    RECORDED,
+    ImageFrame,
+    render_image,
+)
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.overlays import build_flow_overlay
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.package import read_package, scene_from_contents
+from orisys_app_shared.scene3d.visual_policy import (
+    policy_for_settings,
+    select_flow_samples,
+)
+from orisys_studio.scene3d.camera import OrbitCamera
+from orisys_studio.scene3d.prefs import settings_from_prefs
+
+REPO = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+PACKAGE = REPO / "apps/studio/config/sensors/finger/scene/finger-display-1.0.0.oryscene"
+RIGID = REPO / "tools/scene_assets/housing/finger_r01_design_to_sensor_rigid_m.npy"
+
+#: One canvas pixel of sweep for a direction that is nearly frontal on the pad.
+#: A 1e-2 tolerance on a dot product is 0.6 degrees.
+EXACT = 1e-2
+VIEWPORT = (607, 672)
+
+#: ``(right, up)`` of the 3D default view, in the design frame's own axes. Stated in
+#: the frame's basis they are exactly these two vectors: the test asserts below that
+#: the camera really hands those axes out, so the constants cannot drift.
+SCREEN_RIGHT_DESIGN = np.array([-1.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+SCREEN_UP_DESIGN = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 1.0])
+
+
+def _scene():
+    if not PACKAGE.is_file():
+        pytest.skip(f"the shipped finger package is missing: {PACKAGE}")
+    return scene_from_contents(read_package(PACKAGE), None)
+
+
+def _transform() -> np.ndarray:
+    if not RIGID.is_file():
+        pytest.skip(f"the fitted design frame is missing: {RIGID}")
+    return np.load(RIGID, allow_pickle=False)
+
+
+def _frame_axes() -> np.ndarray:
+    return _transform()[:3, :3]
+
+
+def _camera(assets, viewport=VIEWPORT) -> OrbitCamera:
+    presets = {preset.name: preset for preset in assets.camera_presets}
+    camera = OrbitCamera()
+    camera.set_preset(presets["default"])
+    camera.fit(assets.bounds_sensor_m, viewport[0] / viewport[1])
+    return camera
+
+
+def _screen_axes(camera, viewport=VIEWPORT) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    view = np.asarray(camera.matrices(viewport).view, dtype=np.float64)
+    return view[0, :3], view[1, :3], view[2, :3]
+
+
+def _canvas_directions(assets):
+    """The canvas's +x/+y, in the design frame's axes, from the asset's own mapping."""
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    assert mapping is not None, "the shipped package has no surface mapping"
+    return canvas_axes_in_design_frame(
+        np.asarray(mapping.positions_sensor_m, dtype=np.float64),
+        np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool),
+        _frame_axes(),
+    )
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------- derivation
+def test_the_camera_hands_out_the_frames_axes_for_the_default_view() -> None:
+    """The screen basis this file compares against is the camera's, not a claim."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    camera = _camera(assets)
+    right, up, backward = _screen_axes(camera)
+    frame_x, frame_y, frame_z = (_frame_axes()[:, i] for i in range(3))
+    assert float(backward @ frame_y) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-6)
+    assert float(up @ frame_z) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-6)
+    assert float(right @ frame_x) == pytest.approx(-1.0, abs=1e-6)
+    # In the design frame's own coordinates those are -X right and +Z up.
+    for axis, expected in ((right, SCREEN_RIGHT_DESIGN), (up, SCREEN_UP_DESIGN)):
+        design = _frame_axes().T @ axis
+        assert np.allclose(design, expected, atol=EXACT), design
+
+
+def test_the_canvas_axes_are_both_reversed_against_the_3d_view() -> None:
+    """The measurement: canvas +x is +X, canvas screen-up is -Z.
+
+    These are the two vectors the transform is derived from. Their signs, not their
+    magnitudes, are what decides between a half turn and a mirror.
+    """
+    assets = _scene()
+    column, row = _canvas_directions(assets)
+    # The canvas's +x is the frame's +X (the small Y/Z terms are the pad's own tilt).
+    assert float(column @ np.array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.05)
+    # The canvas's screen up is -y, and it is the frame's -Z.
+    canvas_up = -row
+    assert float(canvas_up @ SCREEN_UP_DESIGN) < -0.8
+    assert float(column @ SCREEN_RIGHT_DESIGN) < -0.99
+    # ...so the 3D view's own axes are what the canvas's screen axes must be negated to.
+    right_dot, up_dot = agreement(
+        (column, row), SCREEN_RIGHT_DESIGN, SCREEN_UP_DESIGN, ORIENTATION_IDENTITY
+    )
+    assert right_dot == pytest.approx(-1.0, abs=0.05)
+    assert up_dot < -0.8
+
+
+def test_only_a_half_turn_agrees_with_the_3d_view_on_both_axes() -> None:
+    """The four candidates, scored: a mirror fixes one axis and breaks the other."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    axes = _canvas_directions(assets)
+    scores = {
+        name: agreement(axes, SCREEN_RIGHT_DESIGN, SCREEN_UP_DESIGN, name)
+        for name in (
+            ORIENTATION_IDENTITY,
+            ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180,
+            ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H,
+            ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V,
+        )
+    }
+    for name, (right_dot, up_dot) in scores.items():
+        if name == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180:
+            assert right_dot > 0.99 and up_dot > 0.8, (name, right_dot, up_dot)
+            continue
+        assert not (right_dot > 0 and up_dot > 0), (
+            f"{name} must not agree on both axes: {right_dot:.3f}, {up_dot:.3f}"
+        )
+    # Specifically: both mirrors keep the axis they do not touch pointing the wrong way.
+    assert scores[ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H][0] > 0.99 and scores[ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H][1] < -0.8
+    assert scores[ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V][1] > 0.8 and scores[ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V][0] < -0.99
+    assert scores[ORIENTATION_IDENTITY][0] < -0.99 and scores[ORIENTATION_IDENTITY][1] < -0.8
+
+
+def test_the_shipped_default_is_the_derived_half_turn() -> None:
+    """The default the app applies is the one the measurement selects."""
+    assert DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    assert normalise_orientation(DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION) == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    # A preference file this build does not understand falls back to that default,
+    # never to an arbitrary picture.
+    assert normalise_orientation("sideways") == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    assert normalise_orientation(None) == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    assert normalise_orientation("MIRROR_H") == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H
+
+
+def test_the_orientation_applies_to_the_finger_canvas_only() -> None:
+    """The box canvas is a different unrolled domain; the 3D pane is not involved."""
+    assert (
+        effective_orientation(ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, draw_style="finger")
+        == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    )
+    assert (
+        effective_orientation(ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, draw_style="box")
+        == ORIENTATION_IDENTITY
+    )
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------ the pictures
+def _policy():
+    """The pane's own policy for a default settings block: the one both views use."""
+    return policy_for_settings(settings_from_prefs({}))
+
+
+def _patch_flow(mask: np.ndarray, dx: float, dy: float):
+    """A flow field that is nonzero around exactly one sample of the shared grid.
+
+    ``select_flow_samples`` samples at ``spacing // 2 + k * spacing``, so a five-pixel
+    patch centred on one of those points selects that point and no other: the two
+    figures then draw one arrow each, and the test compares those two directions.
+    """
+    spacing = _policy().flow_grid_spacing
+    rows = cols = None
+    for candidate in np.arange(spacing // 2, mask.shape[0], spacing):
+        for column in np.arange(spacing // 2, mask.shape[1], spacing):
+            window = mask[
+                candidate - 2 * spacing : candidate + 2 * spacing + 1,
+                column - 2 * spacing : column + 2 * spacing + 1,
+            ]
+            if window.size and window.all():
+                rows, cols = int(candidate), int(column)
+                break
+        if rows is not None:
+            break
+    if rows is None:
+        pytest.skip("no sample point has a fully valid neighbourhood on this island")
+    flow = np.zeros((*mask.shape, 2), dtype=np.float32)
+    flow[rows - 2 : rows + 3, cols - 2 : cols + 3, 0] = dx
+    flow[rows - 2 : rows + 3, cols - 2 : cols + 3, 1] = dy
+    return flow, (rows, cols)
+
+
+def _drawn_displacement(image: np.ndarray, origin: tuple[int, int]) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    """The drawn arrow's displacement, in display pixels, from its own origin.
+
+    The origin is where the canvas would have put the sample; every non-background
+    pixel belongs to the one arrow drawn, and their centroid sits along it. The sign
+    is the whole assertion, but the magnitude is returned so a failure is readable.
+    """
+    pixels = np.argwhere(np.any(image != 0, axis=2))
+    assert pixels.size, "the canvas drew no arrow at all"
+    centre = pixels.mean(axis=0)
+    return float(centre[1] - origin[1]), float(centre[0] - origin[0])
+
+
+def _canvas_and_arrow(assets, orientation: str, direction: tuple[float, float]):
+    """Render the canvas through the real 2D path and build the real 3D arrow."""
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    mask = np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool)
+    flow, (row, col) = _patch_flow(mask, *direction)
+    policy = _policy()
+    samples = select_flow_samples(flow, mask, policy)
+    assert samples.rows.size == 1, f"expected one sample, got {samples.rows.size}"
+
+    frame = ImageFrame(
+        np.zeros((*mask.shape, 3), dtype=np.uint8),
+        flow=flow,
+        valid_mask=mask,
+        source="live",
+        flow_valid=True,
+    )
+    # ``island_bgr``/``exterior_bgr`` are black here, so every non-black pixel is arrow.
+    canvas = render_image(
+        frame,
+        mode=ARROW_PURE,
+        draw_style="finger",
+        canvas_bgr=(0, 0, 0),
+        arrow_policy=policy,
+        orientation=orientation,
+    )
+    assert canvas is not None
+    height, width = mask.shape
+    name = normalise_orientation(orientation)
+    origin_row = height - 1 - row if name in (ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V) else row
+    origin_col = width - 1 - col if name in (ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H) else col
+    arrows, _ = build_flow_overlay(samples, mapping, style=policy)
+    return canvas, (origin_row, origin_col), arrows
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "direction",
+    ((2.0, 0.0), (0.0, 2.0), (-2.0, 0.0), (0.0, -2.0)),
+)
+def test_a_known_flow_points_the_same_way_in_both_views(direction) -> None:
+    """One flow field, two figures: the left-right and up-down senses agree.
+
+    The 3D arrow's own direction is projected through the camera the pane uses, so
+    "the same way" is asserted in screen terms on both sides: right/left for +x, and
+    up/down for +y. Run with ``identity`` this is the assertion that fails before the
+    change — the canvas would draw it mirrored, which is the defect being fixed.
+    """
+    assets = _scene()
+    camera = _camera(assets)
+    right, up, _backward = _screen_axes(camera)
+
+    canvas, origin, arrows = _canvas_and_arrow(
+        assets, DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION, direction
+    )
+    display_dx, display_dy = _drawn_displacement(canvas, origin)
+
+    assert arrows.origins.shape[0] == 1
+    world = np.asarray(arrows.directions[0], dtype=np.float64)
+    screen_right = float(world @ right)
+    screen_up = float(world @ up)
+
+    # 2D: +x is right, +y is down. 3D: ``right`` is screen-right, ``up`` is screen-up,
+    # so the 3D arrow's own displacement on the screen is ``(right, -up)``.
+    two_d = np.array([display_dx, display_dy], dtype=np.float64)
+    three_d = np.array([screen_right, -screen_up], dtype=np.float64)
+    assert np.linalg.norm(two_d) > 0.2, "the canvas drew no usable arrow"
+    assert np.linalg.norm(three_d) > 0.2, "the 3D arrow has no on-screen direction"
+    # The whole direction, to within about 8 degrees (a tolerance that still leaves
+    # room for the pad's own tilt, and one a mirror cannot pass).
+    cosine = float(two_d @ three_d) / (np.linalg.norm(two_d) * np.linalg.norm(three_d))
+    assert cosine > 0.99, (
+        f"the two views disagree for flow {direction}: 2D {two_d} px, "
+        f"3D {three_d} screen px (cos {cosine:.5f})"
+    )
+    # Per axis, where *both* views carry the arrow on that axis: a horizontal arrow
+    # has no vertical component to compare, and the pad's own tilt puts a small one on
+    # the 3D side, so an axis is only demanded of when both displace along it.
+    for label, ours, theirs in (
+        ("left/right", two_d[0], three_d[0]),
+        ("up/down", two_d[1], three_d[1]),
+    ):
+        if abs(ours) > 0.1 * np.linalg.norm(two_d) and abs(theirs) > 0.1 * np.linalg.norm(
+            three_d
+        ):
+            assert np.sign(ours) == np.sign(theirs), (
+                f"{label} disagree for flow {direction}: 2D {ours:+.3f}, 3D {theirs:+.3f}"
+            )
+
+
+def test_the_default_is_what_makes_them_agree() -> None:
+    """Without the transform the same comparison disagrees — the before-the-fix state."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    camera = _camera(assets)
+    right, _up, _backward = _screen_axes(camera)
+    direction = (2.0, 0.0)
+
+    identity_canvas, identity_origin, arrows = _canvas_and_arrow(
+        assets, ORIENTATION_IDENTITY, direction
+    )
+    fixed_canvas, fixed_origin, _ = _canvas_and_arrow(
+        assets, DEFAULT_FINGER_ORIENTATION, direction
+    )
+    world = np.asarray(arrows.directions[0], dtype=np.float64)
+    identity_dx, _ = _drawn_displacement(identity_canvas, identity_origin)
+    fixed_dx, _ = _drawn_displacement(fixed_canvas, fixed_origin)
+
+    assert np.sign(identity_dx) != np.sign(float(world @ right)), (
+        "identity already agreed: this test no longer demonstrates the defect"
+    )
+    assert np.sign(fixed_dx) == np.sign(float(world @ right))
+    # A 180-degree turn mirrors the arrow about its origin: the two displacements are
+    # opposite, so the fix is a real change of picture, not a rounding difference.
+    assert identity_dx * fixed_dx < 0.0
+
+
+def test_the_stored_arrays_and_the_recorded_picture_are_never_turned() -> None:
+    """The transform is applied to the drawing, at display time, and to nothing else."""
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    mask = np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool)
+    flow, _ = _patch_flow(mask, 2.0, 0.0)
+    flow_before = flow.copy()
+    mask_before = mask.copy()
+    policy = _policy()
+    frame = ImageFrame(
+        np.zeros((*mask.shape, 3), dtype=np.uint8),
+        flow=flow,
+        valid_mask=mask,
+        source="live",
+        flow_valid=True,
+    )
+    turned = render_image(
+        frame,
+        mode=ARROW_PURE,
+        draw_style="finger",
+        canvas_bgr=(0, 0, 0),
+        arrow_policy=policy,
+        orientation=ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180,
+    )
+    straight = render_image(
+        frame,
+        mode=ARROW_PURE,
+        draw_style="finger",
+        canvas_bgr=(0, 0, 0),
+        arrow_policy=policy,
+        orientation=ORIENTATION_IDENTITY,
+    )
+    assert turned is not None and straight is not None
+    assert np.array_equal(flow, flow_before), "the stored flow was reshaped"
+    assert np.array_equal(mask, mask_before), "the stored mask was reshaped"
+    assert np.array_equal(turned, straight[::-1, ::-1]), (
+        "the display transform is not a half turn of the drawn picture"
+    )
+    # A recording's own picture is the camera's, not the domain's: it is not turned.
+    recorded = np.arange(12 * 16 * 3, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(12, 16, 3)
+    assert np.array_equal(
+        render_image(
+            ImageFrame(recorded, source="replay"),
+            mode=RECORDED,
+            orientation=ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180,
+        ),
+        recorded,
+    )
+    # The depth view is drawn on the domain grid, so it is.
+    depth = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 12 * 16, dtype=np.float32).reshape(12, 16)
+    depth_frame = ImageFrame(None, depth=depth, valid_mask=np.ones((12, 16), bool))
+    plain = render_image(
+        depth_frame, mode=DEPTH, orientation=ORIENTATION_IDENTITY
+    )
+    flipped = render_image(
+        depth_frame, mode=DEPTH, orientation=ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180
+    )
+    assert plain is not None and flipped is not None
+    assert np.array_equal(flipped, plain[::-1, ::-1])
+
+
+def test_apply_orientation_is_a_pure_display_transform() -> None:
+    source = np.arange(3 * 4 * 3, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(3, 4, 3)
+    original = source.copy()
+    assert apply_orientation(source, ORIENTATION_IDENTITY) is source
+    assert np.array_equal(apply_orientation(source, ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H), source[:, ::-1])
+    assert np.array_equal(apply_orientation(source, ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V), source[::-1])
+    assert np.array_equal(
+        apply_orientation(source, ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180), source[::-1, ::-1]
+    )
+    assert np.array_equal(source, original), "the input array was modified"
+    # A turn keeps the picture's shape: the panel's aspect handling depends on it.
+    for name in (ORIENTATION_IDENTITY, ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H,
+                 ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V):
+        assert apply_orientation(source, name).shape == source.shape
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------ the preference
+def _finger_frame():
+    from orisys_app_shared.acquisition.models import ensure_bgr
+
+    assets = _scene()
+    mapping = assets.surface_mapping
+    mask = np.asarray(mapping.valid, dtype=bool)
+    flow, _ = _patch_flow(mask, 2.0, 0.0)
+    image = np.zeros((*mask.shape, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+    image[..., 1] = 90
+    return ImageFrame(
+        ensure_bgr(image), flow=flow, valid_mask=mask, source="live", flow_valid=True
+    ), mask.shape
+
+
+def _panel_pixels(window) -> np.ndarray:
+    """The 2D panel's picture as an array: the end of the real display path."""
+    image = window.arrow_panel._source_image
+    assert image is not None and not image.isNull(), "the panel shows no picture"
+    width, height = image.width(), image.height()
+    buffer = bytes(image.constBits())
+    rows = np.frombuffer(buffer, dtype=np.uint8)
+    rows = rows.reshape(height, image.bytesPerLine())
+    return rows[:, : width * 3].reshape(height, width, 3).copy()
+
+
+def test_the_orientation_preference_survives_a_restart(make_window, qt_app) -> None:
+    """Chosen in the dialog, applied at once, and still there after a new window."""
+    from orisys_app_shared.prefs import load_preferences
+
+    frame, shape = _finger_frame()
+    window = make_window(sensor_type="finger")
+    assert window.finger_orientation() == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, (
+        "the shipped default is not the derived half turn"
+    )
+    # The panel's own 90-degree mounting rotation is off for a finger: the canvas it
+    # shows is the canvas this preference decides.
+    window._show_image_frame(frame)
+    qt_app.processEvents()
+    default_picture = _panel_pixels(window)
+    # The 3D pane is not part of this preference: its display settings do not move.
+    pane_settings = window.mesh3d_panel.display_settings()
+
+    # The same frame drawn with no transform at all, to compare against.
+    window._finger_orientation = ORIENTATION_IDENTITY
+    window._show_image_frame(frame)
+    qt_app.processEvents()
+    straight = _panel_pixels(window)
+    assert np.array_equal(default_picture, straight[::-1, ::-1]), (
+        "the default picture is not the half turn of the untransformed one"
+    )
+
+    # Applied without a restart: the very next frame the panel draws uses it.
+    window.set_finger_orientation(ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H)
+    assert window.finger_orientation() == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H
+    window._show_image_frame(frame)
+    qt_app.processEvents()
+    mirrored = _panel_pixels(window)
+    assert window.mesh3d_panel.display_settings() == pane_settings, (
+        "the 2D presentation changed the 3D pane's display settings"
+    )
+    assert mirrored.shape == default_picture.shape == (*shape, 3)
+    assert np.array_equal(mirrored, straight[:, ::-1]), (
+        "the mirrored picture is not the untransformed picture, mirrored"
+    )
+    assert not np.array_equal(mirrored, default_picture)
+    assert not np.array_equal(mirrored, straight)
+
+    # Persisted: a new window built from the stored preferences shows the same picture.
+    assert load_preferences()["finger_2d_orientation"] == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H
+    stored = dict(load_preferences())
+    stored["sensor_type"] = "finger"
+    restarted = make_window(**stored)
+    assert restarted.finger_orientation() == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_H
+    restarted._show_image_frame(frame)
+    qt_app.processEvents()
+    assert np.array_equal(_panel_pixels(restarted), mirrored)
+    window.close()
+    restarted.close()
+
+
+def test_the_dialog_carries_the_orientation_to_the_window(make_window, monkeypatch) -> None:
+    """The control is in the dialog the app already opens, and reaches the prefs."""
+    from orisys_app_shared.prefs import load_preferences
+    from orisys_studio import app_window as app_window_module
+
+    seen: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    class _Dialog:
+        Accepted = 1
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+            seen.update(kwargs)
+
+        def exec(self) -> int:
+            return 1
+
+        def settings(self) -> dict:
+            return {}
+
+        def filter_values(self):
+            from orisys_app_shared.force.filters import FilterSettings
+
+            return FilterSettings()
+
+        def orientation(self) -> str:
+            return ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(app_window_module, "PlotSettingsDialog", _Dialog)
+    window = make_window(sensor_type="finger")
+    # No device: the dialog path would otherwise create the acquisition workers.
+    window._ensure_workers = lambda: None
+    window._on_plot_settings()
+
+    assert seen.get("finger_orientation") == ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180, (
+        "the dialog was not told what the window is showing"
+    )
+    assert window.finger_orientation() == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V
+    assert load_preferences()["finger_2d_orientation"] == ORIENTATION_MIRROR_V
+    window.close()